I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Morphology studies the internal structures of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2. Inflectional morphology is one of the two sub-branches of morphology.
3. The structure of words is not governed by rules.
4. Sometimes bound morphemes can stand by themselves.
5. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
6. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
7. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
8. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
9. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. 10. Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. 11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
12. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. 13. There is only one type of affixes in the English language.
14. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. 15. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.
16. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. 17. Assimilation refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of both contiguous and noncontiguous sounds. 18. All the allomorphs should have common meaning.
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Supplementary Exercise for Chapter 3: Lexicon
19. A root is a morpheme that can stand by itself.
20. A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
2. F_________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.
3. As far as Leonard Bloomfield was concerned, a word is the m__________ free form.
4. All words contain a r_____ morpheme.
5. S_______ are added to the end of stems to make new word forms.
6. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.
7. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
8. Semantically, the meaning of a c_____________ is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components.
9. Affixes are divided into p_______________es, s______________es, and i__________es generally.
10. I____________ affixes manifest various grammatical relationships or grammatical categories such as number, degree, and case.
11. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.
12. The branch of linguistics which deals with the interrelationships between phonology and morphology is termed as M__________________ or Morphophonology.
13. Different realizations of a morpheme are termed as a____________.
14. Opposite to assimilation, d______________ refers to the influence exercised by one sound upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike.
15. As from brid to bird, m_________ is a process involving an alteration in the sequence of sounds.
16. A_________ refers to a process of word formation in which a new word is created by cutting part of an already existing long word, as from detective to tec.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can
best complete the statement: 1. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a (n) ______.
A. bound morpheme B. bound form
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Supplementary Exercise for Chapter 3: Lexicon
C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme
2. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of ________ to form a new word.
A. word B. affix C. root D. stem 3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.
A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root
4. _________ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Roots B. Affixes C. Suffixes D. Prefixes 5. The word “boyish” contains two __________.
A. phonemes B. morphs C. morphemes D. allomorphs 6. _________ morphemes are those that can not be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. A. Affix B. Bound C. Root D. Free
7. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences 8. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax B. Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme 9. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________. A. the first element B. the second element
C. either the first or the second element
D. both the first and the second elements.
10. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________. A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
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Supplementary Exercise for Chapter 3: Lexicon
D. None of the above.
11. “Digicom” is a new word invented through _______________.
A. blending B. clipping C. compounding D. borrowing
12. In the derivation of “glamour” from “ grammar”, _________ happens. A. assimilation B. dissimilation C. shifting D. blending 13. Compounds are composed of endocentric and exocentric compounds, the main difference between them lies in _____________. A. whether there is a verb in the compound or not . B. whether there is a noun in the compound or not. C. whether there is an adjective in the compound or not. D. none of the above.
14. Inflection is said to be the manifestation of grammatical relationships
through the addition of inflectional affixes. All of the following are inflectional Except ______________.
A. case B. degree C. finiteness D. word class
15. Very often inflectional affixes are conditioned by ________ linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.
A. non-grammatical B. nonsemantic C. semantic D. phonological 16. Generally speaking, inflectional affixes are productive_________. A. across an entire category wholly B. across a range of members of a category C. either A or B D. both A and B
17. Only __________ of the following are not lexical words wholly. A. nouns B. adjectives C. adverbs D. verbs 18. The idea that word is the minimum free form was first proposed by ___________.
A. M. A. K Halliday B. Noam Chomsky
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Supplementary Exercise for Chapter 3: Lexicon
C. Leonard Bloomfield D. F. de Saussure
19. “PLO” is invented from “ Palestine Liberation Organization” via __________. A. back-formation B. abbreviation C. acronym D. blending
IV. Define the following terms:
1. morphology 2. inflection
3. derivational morphology 4. morpheme 5. free morpheme 6. bound morpheme 7. root and stem 8. allomorph 9. affix , prefix and suffix 10. morphophonology 11. derivation 12. Compounding 13. lexeme 14. back-formation
V. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the main features of the English compounds? 2. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
3. Morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between
expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical concept or a semantic one ? What is its relation to phoneme? Can a morpheme and a phoneme form an organic whole? 4. Exemplify how phonological and morphological factors condition
morphemes?
5. “ a free form which consists entirely of two or lesser free forms... is a phrase.
A free form which is not a phrase is a word. A word , then, ... is a minimum free form” (Bloomfield, 1935: 178). Answer the following questions:
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Supplementary Exercise for Chapter 3: Lexicon
(a) The term “word” is ambiguous. What kind of words is Bloomfield’s
definition intended to cover? (b) Are there any traditionally recognized words of English ( in the appropriate sense of “word”) that fail to satisfy Bloomfield’s definition?
(c) What other criteria have been involved in the definition of the word? 6. Break up each of the following words into its parts and put the morphemes correctly in one of the columns:
Free Bound
Inflectional Derivational a. luxurious _____________ _________________ __________________ b. pauperize ______________ __________________ _________________ c. begin _______________ _________________ ________________ d. buyers _______________ __________________ ________________ e. disenchanted _____________ __________________ _______________ f. scarcity __________________ __________________ ________________ g. bystander ________________ ___________________ _______________ h. sooner _____________________ _________________ ______________ I. reassuringly________________ ___________________ _____________ j. insalivation ________________ ____________________ _____________
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