Introduction
(Solutions to Review Questions and Problems)
Review Questions
Q1-1.
Turing proposed that all kinds of computation could be performed by a specialkind of a machine. He based the model on the actions that people performwhen involved in computation. He abstracted these actions into a model for acomputational machine that has really changed the world.
The von Neumann Model defines the components of a computer, which arememory, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit and the input/outputsubsystems.
Based on the Turing model a program is a set of instruction that tells the com-puter what to do.
The von Neumann model states that the program must be stored in the mem-ory. The memory of modern computers hosts both programs and their corre-sponding data.
The subsystems of the von Neumann model are memory, the arithmetic/logicunit (ALU), the control unit, and the input/output.Memory is the storage area used for programs and data.
The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is where calculations and logical operationstake place.
The control unit controls the operations of the memory, ALU, and the input/output subsystem.
The input subsystem accepts input data and the program from outside thecomputer; the output subsystem sends the result of the processing to the out-side.
Q1-2.
Q1-3.Q1-4.
Q1-5.Q1-6.Q1-7.Q1-8.Q1-9.
Q1-10.The first generation (roughly 1950–1959) is characterized by the emergence
of commercial computers and were used only by professionals. The second-generation (roughly 1959–1965) computers used transistors instead of vac-uum tubes. The third generation (roughly 1965 and 1975.) started with theinvention of the integrated circuit that reduced the cost and size of computers
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even further. The fourth generation (approximately 1975–1985) saw theappearance of microcomputers. The fifth generation started in 1985. It wit-nessed the appearance of laptop and palmtop computers, improvements in sec-ondary storage media (CD-ROM, DVD, etc.), the use of multimedia, and thephenomenon of virtual reality.
Problems
P1-1.
To solve a problem, a computer follows a set of instructions called a program,This set of instructions is written based on the paper-and-pencil solution to theproblem. If there is no solution to the problem outside of the computer, wecannot write such a program.
According to Turing, any problem that can be solved by a big computer canalso be solve by a small computer but a big computer can probably solve theproblem faster.
In the Turing model, a computer consists of input data, output data and a pro-gram. Pascaline calculator, which is an addition/subtraction machine, is not acomputer according to this model because it lacks the program component. In the Turing model, a computer consists of input data, output data and a pro-gram. Leibnit’s wheel is not a computer according to this model because itlacks the program component.
In the Turing model, a computer consists of input data, output data and a pro-gram. In the Jacquard Loom, a program (punch cards) was used to control theoutput (the pattern of the loom’s weave). Therefore, based on the Turingmodel, it is a computer.
The Analytical Engine has all four components of the von Neumann model: amill (ALU), a store (memory), an operator (control unit), and output (input/output), but the program was not stored in the memory. Therefore, it is not acomputer according to the von Neumann model.
The first computer based on the von Neumann model was first considered tobe ENVAC (made in 1950). However, there has been controversy and courtbattle and in 1973 District Court invalidated the ENIAC patent and concludedthat the ABC (made in 1950) was the first computer.
The first keyboard appear with time sharing, multi-user system by 1964 whichis end of the second generation and the beginning of the third generation.
P1-2.
P1-3.
P1-4.
P1-5.
P1-6.
P1-7.
P1-8.
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